Uno de los logros indiscutibles de la obra de John Rawls ha sido la revitalización del concepto de igualdad en la ética y la filosofía política de los últimos años, desmonopolizándolo de las ideologías que han recorrido con mejor o peor fortuna todo el siglo xx y devolviéndolo al rigor analítico y conceptual de la filosofía. Además, con la virtud añadida de armonizar el valor de la igualdad con los valores de la libertad y la eficiencia: un esfuerzo no siempre (...) valorado con suficiente comprensión. No hay duda, pues, de la influencia de la teoría de la justicia de Rawls en el pensamiento igualitarista actual que, de algún modo, se ha construido -y aún continúa haciéndolo- siguiendo -o bien desmarcándose de- la estela trazada por el filósofo de Harvard. En este artículo, analizo los principales debates abiertos en tomo al igualitarismo rawlsiano y apunto alguna posible orientación futura. En primer lugar, expongo los dos grandes argumentos igualitaristas en la obra de Rawls, derivados, respectivamente, de la concepción moral de la persona y de la arbitrariedad moral de las contingencias sociales y naturales de los individuos. Posteriormente, exploro los problemas de ambos argumentos insistiendo, por un lado, en la inadecuación de la personalidad moral kantiana como fundamento de una teoría igualitarista y, por otro, en la incoherencia del igualitarismo de la suerte como extensión igualitarista de la teoría rawlsiana. En tercer lugar, muestro que el principal problema igualitarista en la obra de Rawls proviene de una concepción de la igualdad o equidad vacía de solidaridad. Concluyo, finalmente, que a la justicia como equidad habría que contraponerle una justicia como fraternidad. (shrink)

Desde el inicio de la Modernidad, la narrativa ha evolucionado tanto como lo ha hecho el pensamiento, apreciándose de un modo sustancial en los giros del gusto y en la construcción de personajes. Bajo esta premisa, en el presente artículo se analizan las diferencias entre los prototipos ejemplares y no ejemplares de la ficción, poniendo el foco en el medio audiovisual. Partiendo de la teoría de la imitación y de la imitación de prototipos establecida por Javier Gomá, se revisan algunos (...) arquetipos de personajes amorales que, compartiendo su carácter no ejemplar, despiertan una fascinación estética ajena y contraria a la que provocan en el ámbito de la moral. Con el objetivo de dar una explicación a este fenómeno, se acude a la separación de juicios establecida por Friedrich Schiller y por otros teóricos que siguen su estela, como Adam Kotsko, y se señalan las posibles contradicciones implícitas en la faceta amoral de los personajes, cuando su carácter no ejemplar supone una referencia para sectores sociales concretos, convirtiéndose la ficción en el punto de partida del proceso imitativo. (shrink)

Uno de los logros indiscutibles de la obra de John Rawls ha sido la revitalización del concepto de igualdad en la ética y la filosofía política de los últimos años, desmonopolizándolo de las ideologías que han recorrido con mejor o peor fortuna todo el siglo xx y devolviéndolo al rigor analítico y conceptual de la filosofía. Además, con la virtud añadida de armonizar el valor de la igualdad con los valores de la libertad y la eficiencia: un esfuerzo no siempre (...) valorado con suficiente comprensión. No hay duda, pues, de la influencia de la teoría de la justicia de Rawls en el pensamiento igualitarista actual que, de algún modo, se ha construido -y aún continúa haciéndolo- siguiendo -o bien desmarcándose de- la estela trazada por el filósofo de Harvard. En este artículo, analizo los principales debates abiertos en tomo al igualitarismo rawlsiano y apunto alguna posible orientación futura. En primer lugar, expongo los dos grandes argumentos igualitaristas en la obra de Rawls, derivados, respectivamente, de la concepción moral de la persona y de la arbitrariedad moral de las contingencias sociales y naturales de los individuos. Posteriormente, exploro los problemas de ambos argumentos insistiendo, por un lado, en la inadecuación de la personalidad moral kantiana como fundamento de una teoría igualitarista y, por otro, en la incoherencia del igualitarismo de la suerte como extensión igualitarista de la teoría rawlsiana. En tercer lugar, muestro que el principal problema igualitarista en la obra de Rawls proviene de una concepción de la igualdad o equidad vacía de solidaridad. Concluyo, finalmente, que a la justicia como equidad habría que contraponerle una justicia como fraternidad. (shrink)

Only one year after the global wave of protest movements and revolts—starting with the ‘Arab Spring’, then, subsequently, the Indignados movement and Occupy- our appreciation of such movements turned sour. The aim of this contribution is to question the predominantly sceptical and defeatist discourse on these movements. One element central to many defeatist discourses on the 2011 movements, is the way in which a lack of demonstrable ‘outcomes’ or ‘successes’ is retrospectively ascribed to them. Therefore, an alternative approach should be (...) formulated, which would allow us to recognise the significant or valuable aspects of these movements and their practices, without downplaying them as ‘unsuccessful’ or ‘failures’ altogether. Pierre Rosanvallon’s concept of ‘counter-democracy’ and Hardt and Negri’s perspective of a ‘Multitude’ will be evaluated as alternative approaches to current political movements. Although they are meritorious, both perspectives do not go far enough and need further articulation. The notion of ‘prefiguration’, originally derived from contemporary anarchist discourse, could be beneficial to this endeavour. After defining and deepening this concept from an anarchist perspective, it will be applied to one particular context: the occupation of Tahrir Square in Cairo, during the 2011 revolution in Egypt. As will be concluded, in its application this concept of ‘prefiguration’ could teach us more about the recent wave of protest movements in general, and could help us to formulate a different approach to such movements. (shrink)

Higher‐order evidence can make an agent doubt the reliability of her reasoning. When this happens, it seems rational for the agent to adopt a cautious attitude towards her original conclusion, even in cases where the higher‐order evidence is misleading and the agent's original reasons were actually perfectly good. One may think that recoiling to a cautious attitude in the face of misleading self‐doubt involves a failure to properly respond to one's reasons. My aim is to show that this is not (...) so. My proposal is that (misleading) higher‐order evidence can undermine the agent's possession of her first‐order reasons, constituting what I call a dispossessing defeater. After acquiring the higher‐order evidence, the agent is no longer in a position to rely competently on the relevant first‐order considerations as reasons for her original conclusion, so that such reasons stop being available to her (even if they remain as strong as in the absence of the higher‐order evidence). In this way, an agent with misleading higher‐order evidence can adopt a cautious stance towards her original conclusion, while properly responding to the set of reasons that she possesses–a set that is reduced due to the acquisition of higher‐order dispossessing defeaters. (shrink)

Certain dialogism is generally recognized in the founding moments of Western philosophy, and it is possible to see various forms of intertextuality in our philosophical tradition. In spite of certain monological temptations, philosophy is not a self-demonstrative system; it has woven its texts quoting other discursive voices and through the invocation of borrowed words. This article aims to outline a discontinuous overview of quotation rhetorical functions at different moments of Western philosophy. The philosophical quote has contributed to discursive authorization or (...) to provide shared discursive repertoires, but also to invocate other intertextual voices discursive or integrate other texts in the meta-discourse of the philosopher. Nowadays the disciplinary regulation of citation practices and the bibliometric economy of impact indices threaten that dialogic and intertextual legacy. (shrink)

I argue that if there are nondisabled reasons to believe p, then there cannot be nondisabled reasons to believe something incompatible with p. I first defend a restricted version of the view, which applies only to situations where the relevant agent has complete evidence. Then, I argue for a generalized version of the view, which holds regardless of the agent's evidence. As a related result, I show that, given plausible assumptions, there cannot be nondisabled reasons to believe something false.

A raíz de los movimientos asamblearios como Occupy Wall Street, el concepto de prefiguración ha ganado mayor atención en la teoría política radical. Sin embargo, sigue sin ser suficientemente teorizada la forma y el grado en que la prefiguración implica a menudo una reivindicación territorial como una vía para distanciarse de las relaciones de poder e instituciones existentes. Este artículo busca establecer esta relación entre la prefiguración y la apropiación del espacio. En primer lugar, rastrea la idea de prefiguración como (...) estrategia revolucionaria hasta la Comuna de París de 1871 y reconstruye cómo esta experiencia provocó una división dentro del movimiento obrero internacional. A continuación, distingue entre la prefiguración y el poder dual introducido por Lenin, argumentando que este último no posee la misma connotación territorial. Finalmente, el artículo examina un ejemplo contemporáneo de política prefigurativa sustentada en una reivindicación territorial: la zad o zone à défendre en Notre-Dame-des-Landes. (shrink)

In the wake of the assembly movements that emerged from 2011 onwards, a lively academic and activist debate developed around the question of organization. Various political theorists have proposed an ‘ecological’ approach to social movements, which allows us to perceive them as contingent combinations between various activist repertoires and organizational forms. Rather than prioritizing either a ‘horizontalist’ or ‘verticalist’ logic of organization, both are often at play within a social movement, where they compete with or complement each other. This article (...) contributes to this ‘ecological turn’ in social movement studies by adding a historical perspective. We argue that a key revolutionary event – the Paris Commune of 1871 – could be read as a ‘distributed ecology’. This historical application allows us to better recognize the merits of an ecological approach for contemporary radical-democratic theory and practices and helps us to appreciate the significance and radical potential of recent social movements. (shrink)

RESUMEN Giorgio Agamben ha caracterizado las reglas monásticas como la constitución de una forma de vida en que -más allá de la ley- la regla y la vida se tornan indiscernibles. En este artículo asumimos la invitación de Agamben a trazar la historia semántica del léxico de la regla y nos preguntamos qué ocurrió cuando, en la primera Modernidad, las reglas se extrapolaron a la trama completa del mundo de vida, como ocurrió en la espiritualidad metódica de protestantes y jesuitas. (...) A través del análisis de uno de los géneros de discurso que ilustra el encuadramiento normativo de las prácticas modernas en ambientes protestantes y jesuitas, los libros barrocos de regu-lae, caracterizamos cierto régimen discursivo y semiótico que sirvió de marco para el pensamiento metódico moderno y su racionalismo analítico. ABSTRACT Giorgio Agamben has characterized the monastic rules as the constitution of a way of life in which -beyond the law- the rule and the life become indiscernible. In this article we accept the invitation of Agamben to trace the semantic history of the lexicon of the rule and we wonder what happened when, in the first Modernity, the rules were extrapolated to the complete plot of the world of life, as in the methodical spirituality of Protestants and Jesuits. Through the analysis of one genre of discourse that illustrates the normative framing of modern practices in Protestant and Jesuit environments, the baroque books of regulae, we characterize a certain discursive and semiotic regime that served as a framework for modern methodical thought and its analytical rationalism. (shrink)

El presente artículo aborda las connotaciones y los fundamentos de la paráfrasis cum canere vellem en Serv. Ecl. 6. 3. El análisis del sentido del verbo volo en este contexto y la confrontación del pasaje con Serv. Ecl. 6. 5 revelan que Servio interpreta la frase cum canerem reges et proelia como referencia a un temprano empeño de Virgilio en componer poesía épica, del que pronto desistió. Esta interpretación está condicionada por la idea de que la secuencia cronológica Églogas - (...) Geórgicas - Eneida tiene un correlato jerárquico, idea que se funda en noticias biográficas y en la teoría de la tripertita varietas. This paper focuses on the connotations and grounds of the paraphrase cum canere vellem in Serv. Ecl. 6. 3. The analysis of the sense of verb volo within this context, as well as the confrontation between that passage and Serv. Ecl. 6. 5, show that Servius interprets the clause cum canerem reges et proelia as a reference to Virgil's early endeavor to compose an epic poem, from which he shortly desisted. This interpretation is conditioned by the idea that the chronological sequence Eclogues - Georgics - Aeneid has a hierarchical correlate, an idea which is founded on biographical information and the theory of tripertita varietas. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Anti-normativists have advanced the view that the involvement of content in norms is not an essential feature of content, but a contingent feature or side effect of the normativity governing attitudes. In this paper, we argue that, in its original formulation, this view puts too much weight on the idea that belief is the fundamental, and perhaps the only, source of content-involving normativity. In its more refined formulation, however, the view does not make justice to a neutral and encompassing (...) characterization of what it is for content to be essentially normative. (shrink)

It is widely held that there is a distinctive norm of assertion. A plausible idea is that there is an analogous, perhaps weaker, norm for indirect communication via implicatures. I argue against this type of proposal. My claim is that the norm of assertion is a social norm governing public updates to the conversational record. Off the record implicatures are not subject to social norms of this type. I grant that, as happens in general with intentional actions, off the record (...) communicative acts may be subject to normative assessments on different levels (for instance, regarding their moral or prudential appropriateness). However, such assessments do not generate distinctive norms that apply to all cases of implicature. (shrink)

Daniel Whiting has argued, in this journal, that Mark Schroeder’s analysis of knowledge in terms of subjectively and objectively sufficient reasons for belief makes wrong predictions in fake barn cases. Schroeder has replied that this problem may be avoided if one adopts a suitable account of perceptual reasons. I argue that Schroeder’s reply fails to deal with the general worry underlying Whiting’s purported counterexample, because one can construct analogous potential counterexamples that do not involve perceptual reasons at all. Nevertheless, I (...) claim that it is possible to overcome Whiting’s objection, by showing that it rests on an inadequate characterization of how defeat works in the examples in question. (shrink)

Are norms of inquiry in tension with epistemic norms? I provide a (largely) negative answer, turning to a picture of epistemic practices as rule-governed games. The idea is that, while epistemic norms are correctness standards for the attitudes involved in epistemic games, norms of inquiry derive from the aims of those games. Attitudes that, despite being epistemically correct, are inadvisable regarding the goals of some inquiry are just like bad (but legal) moves in basketball or chess. I further consider cases (...) in which the aims of inquiry recommend breaking epistemic norms. I compare them to strategic infractions, which are common in many coherent games. Finally, I explore the connections between rules and aims in games and in inquiry. I show that in both cases respecting the rules is constitutively required for satisfying the aims of the practice. (shrink)

Code-based cryptography is currently the second most promising post-quantum mathematical tool for quantum-resistant algorithms. Since in 2022 the first post-quantum standard Key Encapsulation Mechanism, Kyber (a latticed-based algorithm), was selected to be established as standard, and after that the National Institute of Standards and Technology post-quantum standardization call focused in code-based cryptosystems. Three of the four candidates that remain in the fourth round are code-based algorithms. In fact, the only non-code-based algorithm (SIKE) is now considered vulnerable. Due to this landscape, (...) it is crucial to update previous results about these algorithms and their functioning. The Fujisaki-Okamoto transformation is a key part of the study of post-quantum algorithms and in this work we focus our analysis on Classic McEliece, BIKE and HQC proposals, and how they apply this transformation to obtain IND-CCA semantic security. Since after security the most important parameter in the evaluation of the algorithms is performance, we have compared the performance of the code-based algorithms of the NIST call considering the same architecture for all of them. (shrink)

Selected-effects theories provide the most popular account of biological teleology. According to these theories, the purpose of a trait is to do whatever it was selected for. The vast majority of selected-effects theories consider biological teleology to be introduced by natural selection. We want to argue, however, that natural selection is not the only relevant selective process in biology. In particular, our proposal is that biological regulation is a form of biological selection. So, those who accept selected-effects theories should recognize (...) biological regulation as a distinctive source of biological teleology. The purposes derived from biological regulation are of special interest for explaining and predicting the behavior of organisms, given that regulatory mechanisms directly modulate the behavior of the systems they regulate. This explanatory power, added to the fact that regulation is widespread in the biological world, makes the idea that regulation gives rise to its own form of teleology a substantial contribution to the debate on biological teleology. (shrink)

Success semantics is a theory of content that characterizes the truth-conditions of mental representations in terms of the success-conditions of the actions derived from them. Nanay : 151-165, 2013) and Dokic and Engel have revised this theory in order to defend it from the objections that assailed its previous incarnations. I argue that both proposals have seemingly decisive flaws. More specifically, these revised versions of the theory fail to deal adequately with the open-ended possibility of unforeseen obstacles for the success (...) of our actions. I suggest that the problem of ignored obstacles undermines success semantics quite generally, including alternative formulations such as Blackburn’s. (shrink)

Resumen En el pensamiento contemporáneo, el relato de Babel ha suscitado alegatos teológicos contra los proyectos titánicos del racionalismo moderno y exégesis poéticas en defensa de la diseminación idiomática. Los dos ensayos de Michael Oakeshott titulados “La Torre de Babel” permiten reconocer las principales inquietudes intelectuales del autor y los diferentes dilemas teóricos en la comprensión del Estado europeo moderno. No solo escenifican el aspecto ruinoso del racionalismo moral y el utopismo político, sino también los riesgos de la política de (...) la fe, del colectivismo, y de la reducción de las asociaciones humanas a transacciones instrumentales o corporaciones empresariales. En la exégesis de Oakeshott, Babel se perfila como un mito político moderno, que exhibe una marcada ambivalencia mediante la convergencia de motivos éticos, religiosos, políticos e, incluso, poéticos.In contemporary thought, the story of Babel has raised theological arguments against the titanic projects of modern rationalism and poetic exegesis in defense of idiomatic dissemination. The two essays by Michael Oakeshott entitled "The Tower of Babel" allow to recognize the main intellectual concerns of the author and the different theoretical dilemmas in the understanding of the modern European State. They not only illustrate the ruinous aspect of moral rationalism and political utopianism, but also the risks of the politics of faith, of collectivism, and of the reduction of human associations to instrumental transactions or enterprise corporations. In the exegesis of Oakeshott, Babel emerges as a modern political myth, showing a marked ambivalence through the convergence of ethical, religious, political, and even poetic motives. (shrink)

My aim is to discuss the impact of higher-order evidence on aesthetic appreciation. I suggest that this impact is different with respect to aesthetic beliefs and to aesthetic affective attitudes (such as enjoyment). More specifically, I defend the view that higher-order evidence questioning the reliability of one’s aesthetic beliefs can make it reasonable for one to revise those beliefs. Conversely, in line with a plausible account of emotions, aesthetic affective attitudes are not directly sensitive to this type of higher-order evidence; (...) they are sensitive only to those features of objects that make such attitudes (un)fitting. Thus, I argue, there are cases of non-defective recalcitrant aesthetic attitudes where the subject has both a non-defective, fitting aesthetic affective attitude and a reasonable belief questioning the fittingness of this attitude. I further discuss whether, in this type of case, the subject has decisive reasons to try to change her recalcitrant attitudes—say by trying to modify her aesthetic affective dispositions. My answer is negative. Even granting that subjects always have aesthetic reasons to try to avoid aesthetically unfitting attitudes, these can be outweighed by further reasons not to do so—perhaps including aesthetic reasons related to the construction of valuable aesthetic identities or to the value of aesthetic engagement. (shrink)

En este artículo se ofrece una reflexión teológica sobre el significado que envuelve la elección de los últimos pontífices de la Iglesia católica que va desde Juan Pablo II, pasando por Benedicto XVI, hasta llegar al actual Papa Francisco. A juicio del autor, esta historia de la Iglesia en el último medio siglo ofrece aspectos sorprendentes que pueden llamarse mutaciones, giros, cambios de curso o vuelcos que incitan a preguntar si se trata de continuidad y de un real acrecentamiento, o (...) por el contrario, de real ruptura; más todavía, surge la pregunta de si ante tales variaciones no estaremos ante un hecho de fondo más grave: que el cristianismo sea un sincretismo en el que todo cabe, capaz por tanto de asumir e integrar aun lo más diverso y contradictorio. This article offers a theological reflection on the meaning surrounding the election of the last popes of the Catholic Church that go from John Paul II, through Benedict XVI, up to the present Pope Francis. According to the author, this story of the Church in the last half century gives striking aspects that can be called mutations, turns, changes of course or rollovers which incite to ask if this is a real continuation and enhancement, or on the contrary, true rupture; or even maybe, whether such variations show a much more serious fact arising in the background: that Christianity is syncretic, a system in which anything fits, thus being able to take and integrate even the most diverse and contradictory ideas. (shrink)

Teleosemantic theories aspire to develop a naturalistic account of intentional agency and thought by appeal to biological teleology. In particular, most versions of teleosemantics study the emergence of intentionality in terms of biological purposes introduced by Darwinian evolution. The aim of this paper is to argue that the sorts of biological purposes identified by these evolutionary approaches do not allow for a satisfactory account of intentionality. More precisely, I claim that such biological purposes should be attributed to reproductive chains or (...) lineages, rather than to individual traits or organisms, whereas the purposes underlying intentional agency and thought are typically attributed to individuals. In the last part of the paper I suggest that related difficulties are also faced, despite appearances, by accounts of intentionality relying on alternative organizational approaches to biological teleology. (shrink)

Con una belleza literaria incomparable, la Comedìa refleja la cosmovisión católica que vertebra la Cristiandad medieval, que tuvo su máximo exponente filosófico y teológico en santo Tomás. A lo largo de todo el itinerario poético, vemos la impronta del Aquinate presente en el meollo de la narración. Aquí analizaré cómo la cuestión teológica fundamental del gobierno divino del mundo permea la Comedìa, tanto en su estructura formal como en ciertos aspectos concretos del viaje de Dante. A partir de dicha premisa, (...) estudiaré las consecuencias que ello tiene en ese orden jurídico manifestado en la «arquitectura» del infierno, cuyo dintel es elocuente: «Giustizia mosse il mio alto fattore; / fecemi la divina podestate, / la somma sapienza e ‘l primo amore». Finalmente, abordaré la proporcionalidad de las penas que sufren los condenados, como indicador de la medida natural de los castigos dictados por justicia divina. (shrink)

En el debate contemporáneo sobre el sentido crítico de la modernidad resulta frecuente la invocación de una autoconcepción filosófica comprehensiva de la tarea crítica como conciencia reflexiva y universal o como libre autotransformación existencial. Por medio de una reconstrucción interpretativa de algunas actitudes, prácticas y discursos críticos en el pensamiento renacentista hispano, este artículo se propone reivindicar la importancia de las diferentes tradiciones críticas que sirven de trasfondo para el juicio crítico inmanente y situado. En el Renacimiento hispano conviven discursos (...) críticos tan distintos como la crítica histórico-filológica humanista, la naturalización del juicio crítico, el diálogo heterodoxo y el cuestionamiento crítico intercultural. Dado el carácter multiforme y situado de las tradiciones críticas modernas, cabe concluir que no tiene mucho sustento la autoconcepción filosófica de la modernidad como una era de la crítica basada en la autoconciencia reflexiva transparente, o bien en el ejercicio de una sospecha ilimitada. (shrink)

Ascriptions of rationality are related to our practices of praising and criticizing. This seems to provide motivation for normative accounts of rationality, more specifically for the view that rationality is a matter of responding to normative reasons. However, rational agents are sometimes guided by false beliefs. This is problematic for those reasons-based accounts of rationality that are also committed to the widespread thesis that normative reasons are facts. The critical aim of the paper is to present objections to recent proposed (...) solutions to this problem, according to which the responses of deceived agents would be rationalized by facts about how things appear to them. My positive aim is to argue that accounts of reasons in terms of apparent reasons manage to capture the intuitions that seem to favor a normative account of rationality. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza una recreación quijotesca en la novela de Graham Greene Monseñor Quijote. Para ello se utilizan dos términos procedentes del Derecho romano: los conceptos de autoridad y poder. En esta obra de Greene, la autoridad surge de los libros o de autores de libros, cuya lectura permite que la vida siga teniendo sentido. En Greene encontramos la estrategia de lectura conocida como las sortes virgilianae que permite a los personajes orientarse en las dificultades diarias. Sin embargo, (...) el poder está caracterizado por su condición iletrada, la ausencia de libros y su ignorancia. In this article a novel by Graham Greene entitled Monsignor Quixote is analysed, a book that involves a recreation of the novel by Cervantes. The author of this article employs two concepts from Roman law: authority and power in his analysis. In this work by Greene, authority arises from the books or the book writers, whose reading allows life to keep making sense. In Greene, a strategy of reading known as the sortes virgilianae is found and this allows the characters to get their bearings in the daily difficulties. However, power is described as illiterate, the absence of books and ignorance. (shrink)

It is often thought that bets on the truth of known propositions become irrational if the losing costs are high enough. This is typically taken to count against the view that knowledge involves assigning credence 1. I argue that the irrationality of such extreme bets can be explained by considering the interactions between the agent and the bookmaker. More specifically, the agent’s epistemic perspective is altered by the fact that the bookmaker proposes that unusual type of bet. Among other things, (...) being willing to offer a bet with unnecessarily harmful losing costs is likely to undermine the baseline level of trustworthiness required for it to be rational to engage in betting exchanges. This sort of explanation does not require granting either that we assign credence lower than 1 to known propositions or that knowledge is sensitive to practical stakes. Moreover, I show that, in our ordinary lives, we frequently perform actions that we know would be disastrous if certain conditions did not obtain. This behaviour can be seen as a form of implicit extreme betting and, nevertheless, it is often rational. (shrink)

La creación de imágenes científicas es uno de los ámbitos más activos dentro de la cultura visual. Este artículo describe, en su primera parte, las cuatro dimensiones principales de la imagen científica (las dimensiones cognitiva, constructiva, pragmática y estética), para poner el énfasis al final de su descripción en la presente convergencia de la ciencia y del arte. En su segunda parte analiza un conocido caso de imagen paracientífica actual, donde a través de una específica combinación de dichas cuatro dimensiones (...) comparecen ejemplarmente buen número de las obsesiones a la vez epistémicas y políticas de la contemporaneidad. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The focus of this essay is Kant's argument in the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals III that regarding oneself as rational implies regarding oneself as free. After setting out an interpretation of how the argument is meant to go, I argue that Kant fails to show that regarding oneself as free is incompatible with accepting universal causal determinism. However, I suggest that the argument succeeds in showing that regarding oneself as rational is inconsistent with accepting universal causal determinism (...) if one accepts a certain, plausible view of the explanation of events. RESUMEN El ensayo se enfoca en el argumento de Kant en la Fundamentación de la metafísica de las costumbres III según el cual considerarse racional implica verse a uno mismo como libre. Se interpreta la forma en que debe entenderse el argumento y se afirma que Kant no logra demostrar que considerarse libre es incompatible con la aceptación del determinismo casual universal. No obstante, se sugiere que el argumento sí logra demostrar que considerarse a uno mismo como racional es incompatible con la aceptación del determinismo casual universal, si se acepta una cierta versión plausible de la explicación de los eventos. (shrink)